Moving to the city changed you! Rapid photobiont turnover enables acclimation of lichen symbioses to urban environments

<jats:p>Symbioses are widespread and highly successful but vulnerable to the stress sensitivity of either symbiont. In some symbioses, turnover of symbionts has been shown to confer resilience to stressors. While similar mechanisms have been proposed for lichen symbioses, direct evidence for rapid adaptive symbiont turnover has not been shown. We tested the photobiont community composition and physiological responses of the foliose lichen symbiosis Flavoparmelia caperata-Trebouxia to urbanization-induced stress in a transplant experiment. We found evidence for significant compositional change in the photobiont community along an urbanization gradient (measured as vegetation cover), reflecting a turnover in dominance of Trebouxia OTUs from A46 to I05 in more urbanized transplant sites. This change in symbiont composition is associated with a greater physiological tolerance for urbanization, consistent with the hypothesized adaptive role of photobiont turnover. These findings support rapid photobiont turnover as a potential adaptive response to environmental change in lichen symbioses.</jats:p>