Constrained Laser-Induced Cavitation for Miniaturized Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis

<jats:p>Chronic, mechanically resilient thrombi remain difficult to remove rapidly and safely using existing therapies, which are limited by slow treatment speeds, reduced efficacy against aged clots and risks associated with embolic debris. Here we introduce Constrained Laser Induced Cavitation (CLIC), a novel approach that confines laser-induced cavitation bubble generation and collapse within a miniaturized waveguide to enhance thrombolysis. Optimized CLIC removed retracted clots at a mass loss rate of 393.5 mg/min, ~40 fold higher than reported state-of-the-art sonothrombolysis under similar conditions. Systematic variation of channel length and laser parameters showed that CLIC efficacy depends strongly on treatment geometry and cavitation dynamics. Post treatment analysis revealed cylindrical channels consistent with clot removal dominated by fluid jetting and suction driven evacuation, with cavitation shockwaves likely contributing a secondary role. Debris fragment measurements remained predominantly below a 1 mm embolic-risk threshold, consistent with a promising embolic safety profile. These findings establish CLIC as a viable strategy for rapid thrombolysis of chronic, mechanically resistant thrombi.</jats:p>