Abstract
<jats:p>This article presents a comprehensive assessment of the economic efficiency of implementing innovative technologies in the agricultural sector, based on a systematic analysis of international practices and the development of an adaptive model for the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study focuses on agricultural enterprises in seven countries with varying levels of innovation—namely, the United States, the Netherlands, Israel, Germany, China, India, and Brazil—during the period from 2018 to 2024. A comparative analysis revealed substantial disparities in innovation adoption rates: 75–85% in developed countries, 30–50% in developing economies, and less than 5% in Kazakhstan. A strong positive correlation was established between the level of innovation activity and key economic performance indicators, including labor productivity, return on investment (ROI), and export competitiveness. For instance, ROI in the Netherlands reaches 300%, whereas in Kazakhstan it remains at only 80%. The study identifies essential institutional, technological, and organizational determinants for successful innovation adoption, such as the effective integration of science, business, and government; the presence of innovation infrastructure; availability of qualified human capital; access to financing mechanisms; and export-oriented strategies. A diagnostic analysis of Kazakhstan’s agricultural sector reveals significant institutional and infrastructural constraints, including inefficient allocation of state support (with a predominance of direct subsidies), weak science–industry cooperation, and limited access to advanced agro-technologies. In response to these challenges, a five-component innovation development model is proposed, comprising institutional, technological, financial, educational, and infrastructural modules. The model outlines a phased implementation mechanism with measurable indicators of progress and emphasizes the importance of fostering public–private partnerships. Forecasts for the model’s implementation by 2033 indicate the potential to increase the share of innovation-active enterprises to 40%, boost labor productivity by 150–200%, reduce production costs by 20–30%, and double or triple agricultural exports. The study contributes to the literature on agricultural economics by offering a systematic framework for innovation-driven development in emerging agricultural economies.</jats:p>