Impact of Super Typhoon Yagi on Earth’s Atmosphere: from Troposphere to Thermosphere/Ionosphere

<jats:p>Abstract. Typhoons can generate gravity waves that transport energy and momentum from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere, but the spectral characteristics and vertical coupling pathways of these disturbances remain incompletely understood. We investigate the atmospheric response to Super Typhoon Yagi (2024) by a Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar, two BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) receivers, and ERA5 reanalysis data. Great wind disturbances were observed in the troposphere and lower stratosphere by the MST radar, as Yagi passed approximately 188 km south of it. Gravity-wave activity was strongest between 5–12 km altitude and was dominated by periods of 0.6–5 h, with the maximum absolute momentum flux reaching 1.98 m2 s-2. ERA5 temperature perturbations revealed concentric wave structures centered near the typhoon eye, with amplitudes increasing from approximately 0.7 K at 20 km to more than 2 K at 50 km altitude. In mesosphere and lower thermosphere, enhanced and mutually consistent oscillations in the zonal, meridional, and vertical winds appeared on 7 Sept., with a dominant period near 2.0 h. Nearly simultaneous disturbances with a dominant period of approximately 2.1 h were detected in the total electron content of two BDS receivers. These observations provide evidence of typhoon-related disturbances extending from troposphere to thermosphere/ionosphere.</jats:p>