Abstract
<jats:p>Abstract. Aerosol-derived impurities in deep Antarctic ice cores provide high-resolution records of past climate and atmospheric variability. However, post-depositional englacial geochemical processes driven by impurity remobilization through ice metamorphism can perturb the originally deposited signals, challenging the interpretation of deep ice records. To address this, we investigate englacial mineral alterations by analyzing the elemental composition of 18 ice-core sections of the EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core (ranging from 281.6–3137.1 m depth) using single-particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-TOFMS) coupled to a continuous flow analysis (CFA) system. This reveals a deep-ice environment dominated by pervasive acid dissolution, leaving behind refractory mineral phases. We document the progressive neoformation of potassium-rich alunite-supergroup minerals (jarosite, alunite, and mixed phases) and the probable formation of Fe-(oxyhydr)oxide coatings. These secondary phases concurrently immobilize trace elements (iodine, arsenic, lead) via surface adsorption and structural substitution. These transformations occur within highly localized microenvironments and are accelerated by increasing in situ temperatures with depth. They are further enabled by the old age of deep ice, which provides hundreds of thousands of years for these reactions to occur. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for the effects of post-depositional geochemical transformation when interpreting impurity records from EDC and other old ice cores. The colder thermal regime of the Beyond EPICA Little Dome C is expected to lead to slower geochemical transformation, potentially providing a higher-fidelity impurity record for the epochs currently covered by EDC.</jats:p>