Abstract
<jats:p>Every year, around 800,000 individuals experience new or recurrent strokes, with most of these being new cases. Approximately 87% are ischemic, 10% reflect intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and 3% are SAH. Despite a general decrease in stroke incidence during the past 30 years, it is projected that by 2030, an additional 3.4 million US.The pathogenesis of stroke is highly complex, multifactorial, and involves multiple interconnected mechanisms. It includes neurovascular unit dysfunction, hemodynamic disturbances, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and autophagy. These processes interact dynamically and contribute to neuronal injury and infarct progression.Despite significant advances in understanding these mechanisms, the precise sequence of events and the extent of their interaction remain incompletely elucidated. In particular, the integrated role of metabolic factors—such as calcium–phosphorus homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and hormonal regulation—in the progression and severity of ischemic stroke has not yet been fully clarified.Therefore, stroke pathogenesis remains only partially understood, and further experimental and clinical research is required to better define its molecular mechanisms and to develop more effective, individualized therapeutic strategies.</jats:p>