Abstract
<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has evolved from a supportive tool into an active cognitive environment influencing human thinking, decision-making, and learning. While it enhances efficiency, prolonged reliance may lead to AI-induced cognitive atrophy, including reduced memory, critical thinking, and problem-solving ability. This chapter integrates neuroscience concepts such as synaptic pruning and plasticity with machine learning analogies like the Dying ReLU phenomenon to explain cognitive decline due to underuse. Evidence from psychology, neuroimaging, education, and clinical studies shows reduced engagement and increased dependency under AI assistance. The chapter highlights the need for balanced human–AI collaboration to preserve cognitive functions.</jats:p>