Abstract
<jats:p>Alpine plants inhabit some of the most extreme environments on Earth, characterized by low temperatures, high solar radiation, strong winds, and nutrient-poor soil. To survive and reproduce under these conditions, they exhibit a wide range of physiological and ecological adaptations. These include morphological traits such as dwarfism, cushion growth forms, and dense pubescence; physiological mechanisms such as cold hardiness, antifreeze protein production, and efficient photosynthetic pathways; and ecological strategies such as delayed flowering, seed dormancy, and mutualistic interactions with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi. Together, these adaptations enable alpine plants to maintain metabolic activity, optimize resource use, and ensure reproductive success despite harsh abiotic and biotic pressures in their environment. Understanding these adaptive strategies is essential for predicting the responses of alpine vegetation to climate change and for developing effective conservation measures.</jats:p>