Abstract
<jats:p>Forests stand alone for maintaining all vital functions of biodiversity of wildlife and climate regulation as well as carbon sequestration and water filtration. This chapter investigates the effects of climate change on forest degradation specifically intended for ecosystems and communities as well as indigenous populations whose forests cost both culturally and economically. However, the aims of this chapter papers are: (a) To analyze the extent and drivers of forest loss; (b) examine the ecological consequences of forest degradation on biodiversity; (c) assessing the socio-economic and cultural impacts of deforestation on local communities; (d) to propose sustainable strategies and policy recommendations. In deforestation alone (excluding regrowth), tropical primary forests are still declining at rate of several million hectares/year. However, in 2023, primary tropical forest lost 3.7 million hectares. Simultaneously, in tropical regions especially (Amazon, Congo, Southeast Asia), in some cases 50-90% of logging may be illegal or driven by weak governance.</jats:p>