Abstract
<jats:p>Effective criminal investigation is fundamental to public confidence and the legitimacy of policing. This chapter examines the principles, structures, and practices that underpin high-quality investigations within police forces in England and Wales, drawing upon recent HMICFRS PEEL inspection findings. It explores how robust investigative governance is achieved through clear accountability and experienced supervision, to drive consistency and quality across all levels of investigation. Key themes include maximising investigative opportunities, embedding an investigative mindset across the workforce, and advancing victim-focused, evidence-led prosecutions. Short-term reforms focus on improving oversight, documentation, and compliance with the Victims' Code of Practice, while long-term reforms call for leadership development, workforce planning, and a learning culture centred on reflective practice. The chapter argues that forces achieving investigative excellence are those that balance procedural fairness, victim engagement, and organisational learning.</jats:p>