Abstract
<jats:p>This chapter explores how AI-powered tools—including intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs), adaptive learning platforms (ALPs), and AI-driven chatbots—can personalize instruction and transform K–12 education. Drawing on recent research, theoretical frameworks, and practical case studies (e.g., ALEKS and i-Ready), the chapter examines how these technologies dynamically adapt to individual learners' needs, support instructional decision-making, and enhance student engagement and outcomes. It highlights the pedagogical architectures and functionalities of each tool type, assesses their benefits in promoting equity and data-driven instruction, and discusses key challenges related to integration, teacher preparedness, and algorithmic fairness. The chapter concludes with practical implications for educators and school systems, and offers future research directions focused on AI-enhanced personalization, generative AI integration, and teacher–AI collaboration.</jats:p>