Abstract
<jats:p>This study presents the development and evaluation of an enhanced, modular, IoT-based hydroponic system for indoor seedling production. Designed to be low-cost and scalable, the system integrates automated lighting, irrigation, and environmental monitoring with cloud-based control. Its performance was validated using two tomato varieties, achieving 94–96% germination without added nutrient solution. A cost-benefit analysis indicated a payback period of under two years. While promising, the system has not yet been tested with other plant species, substrates, or nutrient solutions. Future research will focus on these variables to assess broader applicability and optimize performance.</jats:p>
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Keywords
system
performance
nutrient
study
presents