Abstract
<jats:p>The article is devoted to the topical problem of developing a cyber-physical system for high-precision monitoring of organic carbon content in soils under conditions of intense anthropogenic load. The paper argues that land decarbonization caused by intensive agriculture, industrial pollution, and military aggression is a critical threat to Ukraine's environmental and food security. It has been established that traditional laboratory methods of soil analysis are too slow and costly for operational resource management, which creates a need to transition to automated solutions based on the Internet of Things concept. The authors conducted a detailed comparative analysis of existing methods and mobile sensor solutions, which allowed them to identify the key shortcomings of the isolated use of optical sensors, in particular their high sensitivity to humidity. An innovative hardware configuration is proposed, based on the synergy of the AS7265x multispectral sensor and the LDC1612 electromagnetic sensor controlled by the ESP32-S3 microcontroller. This multi-sensor approach allows for intelligent data processing at the Edge Computing level, where the results of electromagnetic sensing are used to automatically compensate for the “humidity effect,” which significantly increases the reliability of measurements directly in the field. The article describes in detail the designed three-level hierarchical architecture of the KFS, which covers the sensor level of collecting primary parameters, the middle level of the intelligent gateway, and the upper level of cloud analytics and decision-making. Particular attention is paid to the development of the system's operating algorithm, which is divided into four phases: initialization, local noise filtering, data transmission via the energy-efficient LoRaWAN protocol, and final soil condition classification based on a knowledge base. A hybrid communication scheme combining LoRaWAN for remote transmission and Bluetooth LE for local configuration ensures high autonomy and energy independence of the system, making it suitable for use on large areas of agricultural land, which opens up new prospects for the implementation of climate-neutral development strategies in the agricultural sector and contributes to the digital transformation of environmental monitoring in Ukraine.</jats:p>