Abstract
<jats:p>Ensuring a comfortable indoor microclimate is not only a matter of convenience but also a critical factor in energy efficiency. Since different spaces, particularly in commercial buildings like shopping centers, are utilized unevenly throughout the day, the lack of automated heating control often leads to significant excessive energy consumption. Optimizing the heating system through precise regulation allows not only to reduce operational costs but also to maintain stable thermal conditions for occupants. This paper focuses on the development of a dynamic mathematical model of an electric convector for studying thermal processes in indoor environments. The study addresses the need for individual control of heating elements to achieve energy savings. To achieve this, a mathematical model of a 1500 W electric convector was constructed and integrated into a simplified thermal model of a room. The modeling approach is based on differential equations of dynamic thermal balance, applied specifically to the heating element and the internal air volume of the device. Using the linearization method, the authors derived a system of differential equations describing the thermal dynamics. Subsequently, the transfer functions of the control object were formulated in the Laplace domain. The simulation and validation of the model were carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The study analyzes the system’s transient response to impulse disturbances of varying durations, revealing the inertial properties of the room and the exponential nature of temperature changes. The obtained results provide a theoretical basis for developing energy-efficient control systems and advanced algorithms for electric heating in varying operational conditions.</jats:p>