Abstract
<jats:p>The article provides a philosophical analysis of the two main strands of transhumanism: moderate (neohumanism) and radical. The authors critically examine bioconservative concerns regarding the technological enhancement of human beings and demonstrate that transhumanism is non‑homogeneous. Its radical version indeed leads to the loss of human essence and the extinction of humanity, whereas moderate transhumanism proposes the development of the human being within the limits of its species‑specific essence through NBIC‑convergent technologies. The article argues that only moderate transhumanism can become a condition for overcoming the global civilizational crisis while preserving human identity. The authors identify criteria for distinguishing the neohuman (the result of moderate transformations) from the posthuman (the result of radical transformations): the presence of a biological body and human essence in the former, and their absence in the latter. Special attention is paid to Russia’s integration of knowledge in social sciences and humanities into its priority areas of scientific and technological development, which demonstrates a human‑scale approach to technological modernization. The article concludes that the reasonable enhancement of human nature is both desirable and necessary for the survival of civilization. </jats:p>