A Visual Hazard Recognition Framework Based on the Hazard Triangle to Support Workplace Risk Communication

<title>Abstract</title> <p>Hazard recognition is a fundamental component of accident prevention; however, conventional hazard identification and risk assessment methods, such as Job Safety Analysis (JSA), are often presented in complex textual or tabular formats that may limit effective hazard communication, particularly among frontline workers. This study proposes a simplified visual hazard recognition framework based on the hazard triangle concept, integrating hazard elements, initiating mechanisms (IM), targets, preventive and mitigative risk control measures, and qualitative risk assessment into a unified accident propagation model. An eight-step framework development procedure was established to systematically identify hazard elements, IMs, exposed targets, accident pathways, and corresponding control measures. The applicability of the framework was demonstrated through a SMAW case study using published JSA data. The developed framework successfully transformed conventional task-based hazard assessment information into a structured visual representation that illustrates accident propagation pathways, associated safety barriers, qualitative risk levels, and potential accident consequences. The integration of colour-coded risk classification and diagrammatic accident pathways is intended to improve the interpretation of workplace risks and facilitate the identification of critical preventive and mitigative control measures. The proposed framework presents a structured approach for representing hazards and communicating risk among frontline workers, with potential application in workplace hazard recognition and safety planning. Although the framework demonstrates promising applicability, further empirical validation under industrial conditions is required to evaluate its effectiveness in improving hazard recognition, safety communication, and workplace safety performance.</p>