Pathology of regional development using multi-criteria analysis under uncertainty: Case study of Iran

<title>Abstract</title> <p>This study explores a simple but crucial question: why does regional development in Iran often fall short, and what should be fixed first? By combining document analysis with expert insights, we identify and rank key challenges using a novel Z-number grey-based RANCOM method. This approach allows experts to express both their opinions and confidence levels, producing clear and reliable weights for 8 main and 35 sub-criteria. Results highlight two top priorities—underdeveloped border areas and weak regional planning. We recommend strengthening planning culture, improving coordination, updating data systems, and focusing on regional equity to create a more balanced development strategy.</p>