Epidemiology of Gynecological Malignancies in Uniosun Teaching Hospital Osogbo Nigeria: A Five-Year Retrospective Review

<title>Abstract</title> <p>Background Gynecological malignancies constitute a major public health burden in low- and middle-income countries, where late presentation and limited access to screening and treatment persist despite global advances in prevention and care. Regional data on disease burden and outcomes are essential for targeted intervention. Objective To determine the prevalence, histopathological pattern, management, and outcome of gynecological malignancies at UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria, over a 5-year period. Methods This retrospective descriptive study reviewed the gynecological malignancies recorded in UTH, Osogbo between 1st August 2020 and 30th September 2025. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, parity, tumor type, treatment modality, and treatment outcome were extracted from medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20. Results Of 3,000 patients managed for gynecological conditions during the study period, 131 had gynecological malignancies, giving a prevalence of 4.4%. The mean age was [insert if available] years. Cervical cancer was the most common malignancy, accounting for 58 cases (44.3%), followed by ovarian cancer, 37 cases (28.2%), choriocarcinoma, 24 cases (18.3%), endometrial cancer, 11 cases (8.4%), and vaginal cancer, 1 case (0.8%). Chemoradiation alone was the primary treatment modality in 58 patients (44.2%), while 40 patients (30.5%) had surgery combined with chemotherapy. At the end of the review period, 104 patients (79.4%) were alive, while 27 patients (20.6%) had died. Ovarian cancer accounted for the majority of deaths, followed by cervical and endometrial cancers. Conclusion Cervical cancer remains the leading gynecological malignancy in this setting, with ovarian cancer contributing disproportionately to mortality. Strengthening cervical cancer screening, HPV vaccination programs, public awareness, and early referral pathways is critical to reducing the burden and improving outcomes of gynecological cancers in resource-limited settings.</p>