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Abstract
<jats:p>Introduction: Entrepreneurial spirit drives innovation and economic growth, but its determinants among university students in Sub-Saharan Africa are still poorly explored. This study investigated the determinants of entrepreneurial spirit as well as the role of social influence and self-efficacy among university students in Luanda, the capital city of Angola. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 168 undergraduate students from the Technical University of Angola (UTANGA), in Luanda, from January to February 2026. Data were obtained through Google Forms, assessing subjective norms, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention on a five-point Likert scale. Responses were dichotomised into No (strongly disagree to neither agree nor disagree) and Yes (agree to strongly agree). Associations were tested using t-tests, chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, with Cramer's V quantifying the magnitude of the associations and p&lt;0.05 was deemed significant. Results: Entrepreneurial spirit was highly prevalent (96.4%). Age showed a significant association with entrepreneurial spirit, with students under 30 years old being the most represented (72.2%, p=0.033, Cramer's V=0.3). Entrepreneurial self-sufficiency (82.1%, p=0.001, Cramer's V=0.3) and the ability to mobilise people (72.8%, p&lt;0.001, Cramer's V=0.3) were strongly associated with entrepreneurial spirit. Students under 30 years old (73.9%, p=0.027, Cramer's V=0.3) were associated with subjective norms, while female students (52.6%, p&lt;0.012, Cramer's V=0.2), those involved in business creation (92.5%, p=0.042, Cramer's V=0.2), those with future planning (41.4%, p&lt;0.005, Cramer's V=0.2), and those with entrepreneurial self-sufficiency (56.4%, p&lt;0.001, Cramer's V=0.4) were more likely to be associated with entrepreneurial self-sufficiency. Conclusions: Entrepreneurial spirit is highly prevalent among Angolan university students, with self-efficacy, mobilisation capacity, and self-perception as entrepreneurs being the main determinants. Strengthening these attributes through higher education curricula could promote the development of entrepreneurship in young Angolans.</jats:p>