Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This chapter introduces key concepts in exercise programming and examines how problem-based learning (PBL) strategies can be used to scaffold student learning and enhance content retention. It provides an overview of fundamental programming principles (e.g., overload, specificity, variation) and explains how these principles, combined with strategic management of training variables, can be applied to modify internal and external stimuli and achieve individualized physical and performance goals. Two contrasting examples illustrate the application of targeted exercise programming across the fitness–performance continuum. The first example demonstrates individualized training design for a high-level rugby athlete, highlighting constraints and decision-making considerations commonly faced by strength and conditioning professionals. The second example shows how PBL can support the development of physical activity opportunities in underserved communities. Real-world problem scenarios, paired with structured roles for instructors and students, are presented to foster knowledge acquisition, creative problem-solving, and critical thinking. The chapter includes sample activities, group solution templates, and content progression outlines, along with learning objectives and facilitator and assessment considerations.</jats:p>