Toda & Yamamoto Causality Analysis Between Tourism Arrivals, Health Expenditure, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emissions: Evidence From Poland

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This study investigates the causal relationship between tourism arrivals, health expenditure (HE), economic growth (EG), and CO2 emissions in Poland through annual data covering 1995–2022. The authors perform the Toda &amp; Yamamoto causality test to explore the causal relationship between variables. The empirical findings show a feedback causal relationship between HE and CO2 emissions, tourism arrivals and CO2 emissions, tourism arrivals and EG, and EG and CO2 emissions, and one-way from tourism arrivals and EG to HE in Poland. These findings may suggest that along with tourism arrivals, environmental degradation causes an increase in HE.</jats:p>