Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Once it becomes possible to derive both sperm and egg from embryonic stem cells, an intriguing possibility will arise. By combining ES-cell-derived gametes, it would be possible to create embryos and derive new gametes from them. Combining these gametes would produce new embryos and allow the derivation of new gametes, which in turn could be used to create new embryos, and new gametes—and so on for multiple ‘generations’. If scientists performed genetic testing of the embryos created at each stage before deciding which other embryos to ‘mate’ them with, they could use this technology to selectively ‘breed’ human beings in vitro. Previous work by the author described this project as ‘in vitro eugenics’. This chapter examines what is at stake in identifying this technology as eugenic. The author will argue that there are important differences between programs of in vitro selective breeding that are motivated by a concern for the well-being of the individuals brought into existence at the conclusion of the program and programs that are motivated by a concern for the distribution of genes within the community. Programs of both sorts will require that those running them be willing to reach conclusions on the relative merits of different genomes, which in turn will require reference to an understanding of what constitutes a good human life. This willingness to determine what sort of people are permitted to come into existence based on controversial ideas about the nature of human flourishing is itself also appropriately identified as eugenic.</jats:p>