Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Chapter 5 of Kant’s Universalism and the Concept of Race is titled “The Illusion of Equality: Kant’s Cosmopolitanism.” It focuses on Kant’s cosmopolitan philosophy by discussing the works “Toward Perpetual Peace” (1795) and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), The author speaks directly to the argument put forth by Pauline Kleingeld that Kant changed his mind about race, which can be seen in his cosmopolitan philosophy. Specifically, Kleingeld’s argument that Kant revised his views on race after 1792 assumes that his work can be easily separated into periods: namely, a race-focused Kant in the 1780s versus an egalitarian Kant in the 1790s. However, this analysis overlooks the fact that Kant’s racial hierarchy is manifest throughout the 1790s as a racialized view of inequality that is still present in his cosmopolitan philosophy.</jats:p>