Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This entry aims to provide an overview of two popular measurement methods in language, education, and psychological testing: norm‐referenced assessments (NRA) and criterion‐referenced assessments (CRA). In the introduction, real‐life scenarios will be presented as examples to illustrate the major differences between the two methods. The next section will briefly summarize the histories of the two methods so readers are aware of their origins and the broader contextual factors that contribute to the uses (and misuses) of the two methods. A comparison of the test development processes and score interpretations between the two methods will then follow to illuminate differences in the key features of the two measurement methods. The entry will conclude with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the two methods.</jats:p>