Abstract
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> The article contains sections titled: <jats:table-wrap position="anchor"> <jats:table frame="void"> <jats:col/> <jats:col/> <jats:tbody> <jats:tr> <jats:td>1</jats:td> <jats:td>Introduction</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>2</jats:td> <jats:td>Principle</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3</jats:td> <jats:td>Reaction Components</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.1</jats:td> <jats:td>DNA Polymerases</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.1.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Fidelity</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.1.2</jats:td> <jats:td> Mg <jats:sup>2+</jats:sup> as Cofactor </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.1.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Inhibitors</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Deoxynucleoside Triphosphates (dNTPs)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Reaction Buffer</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Ready‐to‐Use Master Mixes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Primer</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.5.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Melting Temperature</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.5.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Concentration</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.5.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Primer Design</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>3.6</jats:td> <jats:td>Template</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>4</jats:td> <jats:td>Equipment and Laboratory Preconditions</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5</jats:td> <jats:td>Cycling Conditions and Reaction Phases</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Denaturation Conditions</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Annealing Conditions</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Extension Conditions</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>5.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Amplification Phases</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6</jats:td> <jats:td>Characterization of PCR Products</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Gel Electrophoresis</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Restriction Analysis</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Hybridization</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>6.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Sequencing</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7</jats:td> <jats:td>Modifications of PCR for Increased Specificity and Sensitivity</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Increasing Specificity</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>7.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Increasing Sensitivity</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8</jats:td> <jats:td>Contamination</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Sources of Contamination</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.2</jats:td> <jats:td>PCR Controls</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Decontamination Methods</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.3.1</jats:td> <jats:td> Uracil‐ <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> ‐Glycosylase (UNG) </jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.3.2</jats:td> <jats:td>UV Light</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.3.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Enzymes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>8.3.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Psoralens and Isopsoralens</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9</jats:td> <jats:td>Quantitative PCR</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.1</jats:td> <jats:td>External Control</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Internal Control</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Real‐Time PCR (qPCR)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.3.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Fluorescent Dyes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.3.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Fluorophore‐labeled Probes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>9.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Digital PCR (dPCR)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10</jats:td> <jats:td>Applications</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Detection of Pathogenic Agents</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Preconditions</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Extraction of Template DNA</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Isolation of Total DNA</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Isolation of Pathogen‐Specific DNA</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Amplification</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Multiplex PCR</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.5</jats:td> <jats:td>In Situ PCR</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.6</jats:td> <jats:td>Universal PCR</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.1.7</jats:td> <jats:td>PCR Controls for Diagnostic Purposes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Detection of Genetic Disorders or Cancerous Cells</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Known Mutations</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.1.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.1.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Allele‐Specific Oligonucleotides (ASOs)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.1.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Introduction of Restriction Sites</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.1.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Competitive PCR</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.1.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Primer Extension PCR (PEP)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Unknown Mutations</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.2.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.2.2</jats:td> <jats:td>Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.2.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Chemical Cleavage of Mismatches (CCM)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.2.2.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Co‐amplification at Lower Denaturation Temperature PCR (COLD‐PCR)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.3</jats:td> <jats:td>PCR Analysis in Evolution and Taxonomy</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.3.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.3.2</jats:td> <jats:td>PCR for Typing Satellites or HLA Genes</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.3.3</jats:td> <jats:td>Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.3.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Analysis of Fingerprints</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.3.5</jats:td> <jats:td>Restrictions and Future Aspects</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.4</jats:td> <jats:td>Tissue Typing</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.5</jats:td> <jats:td>PCR in Food Analysis</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.6</jats:td> <jats:td>PCR to Engineer DNA</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.6.1</jats:td> <jats:td>Cloning of PCR Products</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.6.2</jats:td> <jats:td>PCR Mutagenesis</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>10.7</jats:td> <jats:td>PCR for Analysis of Gene Expression</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td/> <jats:td>Abbreviations and Glossary of Special Terms</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td/> <jats:td>References</jats:td> </jats:tr> </jats:tbody> </jats:table> </jats:table-wrap> </jats:p>